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Whether you're new to FM and CFS/ME, or an experienced patient, there are always new
terms and terminologies coming up. In order to find the medical information you're
looking for, you'll come across medical terminology and medical information you might
not understand.
This page contains over 200 definitions listed below, with many new words added monthly.
The words are listed in alphabetical order. You can either select a letter from the
box below, or scroll down the page to reveal the word you're looking for.
Contact us if you cannot locate a specific definition.
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Occupational Therapy
Occupational therapy (OT) is rehabilitation of mentally and physically disabled persons
by teaching them a skill or providing them with creative activity. OT gives people
the "skills for the job of living" necessary for living meaningful and satisfying lives.
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Orthostatic Intolerance
Orthostatic intolerance is the failure of the body to properly adjust to an
upright position, especially with respect to blood flow, heart rate, and blood pressure.
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Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine
Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine is an approach to manual therapy used to
improve the impaired or altered function of the musculoskeletal
system (somatic dysfunction).
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Pain Medication
Pain medications (analgesics) are not all the same. Each pain medication has
its advantages and risks. Specific types of pain may respond better to one
kind of medication than to another kind. Each person may have a slightly
different response to a pain medication.
Over-the-counter medications are good for many types of pain.
Acetaminophen (Tylenol)
is good for relieving pain and fever. It is less irritating to the stomach than
other over-the-counter pain medications and is safer for children. It can, however,
be toxic to the liver if you take more than the recommended dose.
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Pathology
The study of disease. Pathology has been defined as "that branch of medicine
which treats of the essential nature of disease." A medical doctor that
specializes in pathology is called a pathologist. Pathologists are experts
at interpreting microscopic views of body tissues.
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Paresthesia
Paresthesia is a sensation of tingling, pricking, or numbness of a person's skin
with no apparent long-term physical effect, more generally known as the feeling of
pins and needles or of a limb being "asleep". Numbness or tingling, particularly
in the hands or feet, sometimes accompanies FM and/or CFS/ME.
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Periphery
A boundary or outer part of any space or body.
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Peptides
Peptides are the family of short molecules formed from the linking, in a defined
order, of various a-amino acids. The link between one amino acid residue and the
next is an amide bond and is sometimes referred to as a peptide bond.
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Peritoneal Lavage
Diagnostic peritoneal lavage is performed when intra-abdominal bleeding usually
secondary to trauma is suspected. Nowadays Diagnostic peritoneal lavage is largely
abandoned in favor of abdominal ultrasound.
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Pertussis
Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is a highly contagious disease. Worldwide,
there are 30–50 million pertussis cases and about 300,000 deaths per year (World
Health Organization data).
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Phenotype
The phenotype of an individual organism is either its total
physical appearance and constitution or a specific manifestation of a trait,
such as size, eye color, or behavior that varies between individuals.
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Physical Therapy
Physical therapy (or physiotherapy) is the provision of services to people to
develop, maintain and restore maximum movement and functional ability throughout
the life span. It includes the provision of services in circumstances where movement
and function are threatened by the process of ageing or that of injury or disease.
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Physiological
Being in accord with or characteristic of the normal functioning of a living organism.
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Plateau
A period or state of little or no growth or decline.
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Polypeptide
A peptide, such as a small protein, containing many molecules of amino acids,
typically between 10 and 100.
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Polyphenols
Polyphenols are a group of chemical substances found in plants, characterized
by the presence of more than one phenol group per molecule. Polyphenols are
generally further subdivided into hydrolyzable tannins, which are gallic acid
esters of glucose and other sugars; and phenylpropanoids, such as lignins,
flavonoids, and condensed tannins.
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Psychoneuroimmunology
Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) investigates the relations between the psycho physiological
and immunophysiological dimensions of living beings. PNI brings together researchers
in a number of scientific and medical disciplines, including psychology, the
neuroscience, immunology, physiology, pharmacology, psychiatry, behavioral
medicine, infectious diseases, and rheumatology.
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Precipitate
To bring about especially abruptly.
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Post-Viral Fatigue Syndrome
Post-viral fatigue syndrome (PVFS) is a condition that presents a fatigue-like
state resulting from a severe viral infection. The term is not widely used, but
the state of prolonged or severe fatigue after illness is not uncommon. Some persons
will experience fatigue of a few months to years following a severe infection or illness.
Post-viral syndromes may include: post-polio syndrome, late Lyme disease, and the
extended fatigue and weakness common after mononucleosis or other severe viral infections.
Some researchers claim that post-viral fatigue syndrome is a biological state of
weakness or damage to the immune system, and that it is common to many post-viral
syndromes. It is hoped that immune system research, especially that connected to HIV,
may lead to better understanding of, and treatments for, other post-viral syndromes.
PVFS was adopted as a new name for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME) (known in the United
States and elsewhere as chronic fatigue syndrome) in the United Kingdom in
the nineteen-eighties, in an attempt to more accurately reflect the condition. However,
the term was criticized for its failure to cover cases of CFS which appeared to result
from exposure to toxins or allergens, and was not widely adopted. It appears in
medical papers and journals from the period in reference to what is now called ME.
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Primary Sleep Disorders
Primary sleep disorders are those not caused by another mental disorder, a
physical condition, or a substance. The two main primary sleep disorders are
Dyssomnias and parasomnias.
Dyssomnias include primary insomnia, primary hypersomnia, narcolepsy, breathing
related sleep disorder, circadian rhythm sleep disorder, and dyssomnia NOS.
Parasomnias include nightmare disorder, sleep terror disorder, sleepwalking disorder,
and parasomnia NOS.
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Prohormone
A prohormone is a substance that is a precursor to a hormone, usually having minimal
hormonal effect by itself. The term has been used in medical science since the middle
of the 20th century. Examples of natural, human prohormones include proinsulin
and pro-opiomelanocortin.
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Progressive
Moving forward, increasing in extent or severity.
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Raynaud's Phenomenon
Raynaud's phenomenon (RAY-noz), in medicine, is a vasospastic disorder causing
discoloration of the fingers, toes, and occasionally other extremities, named for French physician Maurice Raynaud (1834 - 1881). The cause of the phenomenon is unknown,
but emotional stress and cold are classically triggers, and the discoloration follows
a characteristic pattern in time: white, blue and red. It comprises both Raynaud's
disease (primary Raynaud's), where the phenomenon is idiopathic, and Raynaud's
syndrome (secondary Raynaud's), where it is secondary to something else.
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Rehabilitation
The process of restoration of skills by a person who has had an illness or injury so
as to regain maximum self-sufficiency and function in a normal or as near normal
manner as possible. For example, rehabilitation after a stroke may help the patient
walk again and speak clearly again.
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Relapse
To fall back into illness after convalescence or apparent recovery.
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Relaxation Techniques
Relaxation techniques are used by people who wish to relax, for a wide variety of
reasons. Since the 1960s, research has indicated strong correlations between stress
levels and physical and emotional health.
Meditation was among the first relaxation techniques shown to have a measurable
effect on stress reduction. In the 1970s, self-help books teaching relaxation
techniques began to appear on bestsellers lists.
In 1975, The Relaxation Response by Harvard Medical School professor Herbert Benson,
MD and Miriam Z. Klipper was published. Their book has been credited with
popularizing meditation in the United States.
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Remission
Remission is the state of absence of disease activity in patients with known chronic
illness.
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Restless Leg Syndrome (RLS)
RLS causes unpleasant sensations in the lower limbs, so much so that the limbs
have to be moved in order to reduce the pain. RLS occurs mostly at night, between
the hours of 10:00 pm and 4:00 am, although it can occur throughout the day in
severe cases. It is thought that somewhere between 20% and 40% of FM sufferers also have RLS.
The sensations are unusual and unlike other common sensations, and those with RLS
have a hard time describing them. People use words such as: uncomfortable, antsy,
electrical, creeping, painful, itching, pins and needles, pulling, creepy-crawly,
ants inside the legs, and many others. The sensation and the urge can occur in any
body part; the most cited location is legs, followed by arms. Some people have
little or no sensation, yet still have a strong urge to move.
Any type of inactivity involving sitting or lying - reading a book, a plane ride,
watching TV or a movie, taking a nap - can trigger the sensations and urge to move.
This depends on several factors: the severity of the person's RLS, the degree of
restfulness, the duration of the inactivity, etc.
About 10 percent of adults in North America and Europe may experience RLS symptoms,
according to the National Sleep Foundation, which reports that "lower prevalence
has been found in India, Japan and Singapore," indicating that ethnic factors,
including diet, may play a role in the prevalence of this syndrome.
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Resuscitate
To revive from apparent death or from unconsciousness.
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Retroviruses
A retrovirus is any virus belonging to the viral family Retro viridae. They are
enveloped viruses possessing a RNA genome, and replicate via a DNA intermediate.
Retroviruses rely on the enzyme reverse transcriptase to perform the reverse
transcription of its genome from RNA into DNA, which can then be integrated into
the host's genome with an integrase enzyme.
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Reye's Syndrome
Reye's syndrome is a potentially fatal disease that causes numerous detrimental
effects to many organs, especially the brain and liver.
The precise mechanism by which Reye's syndrome occurs remains unknown. This serious
illness is referred to as a "syndrome" because the clinical features that physicians
use to make diagnoses are generally not very specific for a single disorder. However,
the major form of Reye’s syndrome reported in the United States is
characteristically preceded by a viral-like flu illness or chickenpox.
Many studies have demonstrated a strong association between aspirin taken for these
viral illnesses and the development of Reye’s syndrome. Some studies indicate that
a significant percentage of cases, particularly in very young children, are
later re-categorized as other disorders or conditions -- as high as 25% in the UK
and 50% in Australia. These re-categorized disorders, unlike the characteristic
Reye’s syndrome, are not strongly linked to exposure to aspirin.
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Rheumatoid Arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is traditionally considered a chronic, inflammatory
autoimmune disorder that causes the immune system to attack the joints. It is a
disabling and painful inflammatory condition, which can lead to substantial loss
of mobility due to pain and joint destruction. RA is a systemic disease, often
affecting extra-articular tissues throughout the body including the skin, blood
vessels, heart, lungs, and muscles. About 60% of RA patients are unable to work
10 years after the onset of their disease.
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Rule-Out
A term used much in medicine, meaning to eliminate or exclude something from
consideration. Example - The ACB (albumin cobalt binding) test helps rule out
a heart attack in the differential diagnosis of severe chest pain.
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Sarcoidosis
Sarcoidosis is an immune system disorder characterized by non-necrotising granulomas
(small inflammatory nodules). Virtually any organ can be affected; however, granulomas
most often appear in the lungs or the lymph nodes.
Symptoms can occasionally appear suddenly but usually appear gradually. When
viewing X-rays of the lungs, sarcoidosis can have the appearance of tuberculosis or lymphoma.
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Scapula
The scapula, or shoulder blade, is the bone that connects the humerus (arm bone)
with the clavicle (collar bone). The scapula forms the posterior part of the
shoulder girdle. In humans, it is a flat bone, roughly triangular in shape.
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Semispinalis Capitis Muscle
The Semispinalis capitis is situated at the upper and back part of the neck,
beneath the Splenius, and medial to the Longissimus cervicis and capitis.
It arises by a series of tendons from the tips of the transverse processes of
the upper six or seven thoracic and the seventh cervical vertebrae, and from
the articular processes of the three cervical above this.
The tendons, uniting, form a broad muscle, which passes upward, and is inserted
between the superior and inferior nuchal lines of the occipital bone.
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Serotonin
A hormone, also called 5-hydroxytryptamine, in the pineal gland, blood platelets,
the digestive tract, and the brain. Serotonin acts both as a chemical messenger
that transmits nerve signals between nerve cells and that causes blood vessels to narrow.
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Sign
Any objective evidence of disease. Gross blood in the stool is a sign of disease.
It can be recognized by the patient, doctor, nurse, or others. In contrast, a symptom
is, by its nature, subjective. Abdominal pain is a symptom. It is something only the
patient can know.
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Sinusitis
Sinusitis is an inflammation of the paranasal sinuses, which may or may not be as a
result of infection, from bacterial, fungal, viral, allergic or autoimmune issues.
Newer classifications of sinusitis refer to it as rhinosinusitis, taking into account
the thought that inflammation of the sinuses cannot occur without some inflammation of
the nose as well (rhinitis).
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Sjögren's Syndrome
Sjögren's syndrome is an autoimmune disorder in which immune cells attack and
destroy the exocrine glands that produce tears and saliva. It is named after
Swedish ophthalmologist Henrik Sjögren (1899-1986), who first described it.
Sjögren's syndrome is also associated with rheumatic disorders such as
rheumatoid arthritis,
and it is rheumatoid factor positive in 90 percent of cases.
The hallmark symptoms of the disorder are dry mouth and dry eyes (part of what are
known as sicca symptoms). In addition, Sjögren's syndrome may cause skin, nose, and
vaginal dryness, and may affect other organs of the body, including the kidneys,
blood vessels, lungs, liver, pancreas, and brain. Nine out of ten Sjögren's patients
are women and the average age of onset is late 40s, although Sjögren's occurs in all
age groups in both women and men. It is estimated to strike as many as 4 million people
in the United States alone making it the second most common autoimmune rheumatic disease.
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Skeletal Muscles
Skeletal muscle is a type of striated muscle, attached to the skeleton. Skeletal
muscles are used to create movement, by applying force to bones and joints; via
contraction. They generally contract voluntarily (via nerve stimulation), although
they can contract involuntarily through reflexes.
Skeletal muscles usually have one end (the "origin") attached to a relatively
stationary bone, (such as the scapula) and the other end (the "insertion") is
attached across a joint to another bone (such as the humerus).
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Sleep Apnea
Sleep Apnea is a sleep disorder characterized by pauses in breathing during sleep.
These episodes, called apneas (literally meaning, "without breath"), last long enough
so one or more breaths are missed, and occur repeatedly throughout sleep. Sleep apnea
is diagnosed with an overnight sleep test called polysomnogram.
Clinically significant levels of sleep apnea are defined as 5 events of any type or
greater per hour of sleep time (from the polysomnogram). There are two distinct forms
of sleep apnea: Central and Obstructive. Breathing is interrupted by the lack of effort
in Central Sleep Apnea. In Obstructive Sleep Apnea, breathing is interrupted by a
physical block to airflow despite effort. In Mixed Sleep Apnea, there is a transition
from central to obstructive features during the events themselves.
Regardless of type, the individual with sleep apnea is rarely aware of having
difficulty breathing, even upon awakening. Sleep apnea is recognized as a problem by
others witnessing the individual during episodes or is suspected because of its effects
on the body. Symptoms may be present for years, even decades without identification,
during which time the sufferer may become conditioned to the daytime sleepiness and
fatigue associated with significant levels of sleep disturbance. The definitive diagnosis
of sleep apnea is made by polysomnography. 80% of people with FM suffer from sleep apnea.
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is not only much more frequent than Central Sleep Apnea, it
is a common condition in many parts of the world. If studied carefully in a sleep lab
by polysomnography, approximately 1 in 5 American adults has at least mild OSA. Since
the muscle tone of the body ordinarily relaxes during sleep, and since, at the level of
the throat, the human airway is composed of walls of soft tissue, which can collapse, it
is easy to understand why breathing can be obstructed during sleep - particularly in
the obese. Although many individuals experience episodes of obstructive sleep apnea at
some point in life, a much smaller percentage of people are afflicted with chronic
severe obstructive sleep apnea.
Normal sleep/wakefulness in adults has been given 6 distinct stages, numbered 1-4
and including REM sleep (Stage 5) and Wake. The deeper stages (3-4) are required for
the physically restorative effects of sleep and in pre-adolescents are the focus of
release for human growth hormone. Stages 2 and REM, which combined are 70% of an
average person's total sleep time, are more associated with mental recovery and
maintenance. During REM sleep in particular, muscle tone of the throat and neck, as well
as the vast majority of all skeletal muscles, is almost completely weakened, allowing
the tongue and soft palate/oropharynx to relax, and in the case of sleep apnea, to impede
the flow of air to a degree ranging from light snoring to complete collapse. In the
cases where airflow is reduced to a degree where blood oxygen levels fall, or the
physical exertion to breathe is too great, neurological mechanisms trigger a
sudden interruption of sleep, called a neurological arousal. These arousals may or may
not result in complete awakening, but can have a significant negative effect on
the restorative quality of sleep. In significant cases of obstructive sleep apnea,
one consequence is sleep deprivation due to the repetitive disruption and recovery of
sleep activity. This sleep interruption in stages 3 and 4 (also collectively called
Slow-Wave Sleep), can interfere with normal growth patterns, healing, and immune
response, especially in children and young adults.
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Sleep Medication
Sedative-hypnotics are central nervous system (CNS) depressants, a category of drugs
that slow normal brain function. There are various kinds of CNS depressants, most of
which act on the brain by affecting the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid
(GABA). Neurotransmitters are brain chemicals that conduct communication between brain
cells. GABA works by decreasing brain activity. Although the different types of
CNS depressants each work in their own way, ultimately it is through their ability
to increase GABA activity that they produce a relaxing effect that is beneficial to
those suffering from anxiety or sleep disorders.
Among the medications that are commonly prescribed for these purposes are the following:
The more relaxing benzodiazepines, such as
triazolam (Halcion®) and
estazolam (ProSom®) can be prescribed for
short-term treatment of sleep disorders.
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Splenius Capitis Muscle
The splenius capitis arises from the lower half of the ligamentum nuchæ, from the
spinous process of the seventh cervical vertebra, and from the spinous processes of
the upper three or four thoracic vertebrae.
The fibers of the muscle are directed upward and lateralward and are inserted, under
cover of the Sternocleidomastoideus, into the mastoid process of the temporal bone, and
into the rough surface on the occipital bone just below the lateral third of the
superior nuchal line.
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Sporadically
Appearing in scattered or isolated instances, as a disease.
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SSRI's
Selective serotonin re uptake inhibitors or SSRI's increase the extra cellular (outside
the cell) level of serotonin in the brain. The brain passes messages between nerve cells
via a phenomenon called a synapse or gap between the cells. An SSRI keeps serotonin in
that gap longer and stimulates the receptor cell to better receive the message.
This increased presence of serotonin is what is believed to alleviate depression and anxiety.
To list anxiety / depression drugs in this class involves both generic and brand names
now widely recognized. Fluoxetine, for instance, is best known by the brand name
Prozac whereas paroxetine is better known as Paxil. Citalopram is sold as Celexa
and sertraline as Zoloft.
Although effective and popular, these are powerful medications. Normally the body
requires one to four weeks to adjust to a regimen of SSRI's during which time some
side effect symptoms will be felt. These include nausea, drowsiness, headache, weight
gain or loss, increased or decreased appetite, and sexual dysfunction. During this
period, there may even be an increase of anxiety and depression.
Users should never go "cold turkey" off SSRI's but should slowly decrease their
dosage. Although not recognized as addictive, some SSRI users who have discontinued
the medication report withdrawal-like symptoms and even nerve damage when the drug is
removed too suddenly.
List of SSRI's
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citalopram (Celexa®, Cipramil®, Emocal®, Sepram®, Seropram®)
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escitalopram oxalate (Lexapro®, Cipralex®, Esertia®)
- fluoxetine (Prozac®, Fontex®,
Seromex®, Seronil®, Sarafem®, Fluctin® (EUR))
- paroxetine (Paxil®, Seroxat®,
Aropax®, Deroxat®, Paroxat®)
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sertraline (Zoloft®, Lustral®, Serlain®)
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Sternocleidomastoid Muscle
The sternocleidomastoid muscles are anterior muscles in the neck that act to flex and
rotate the head.
It is given the name sternocleidomastoid because it originates with the sternum (sterno-)
and clavicle (cleido-), and articulates with the mastoid process of the temporal bone of
the skull. It is also called the sternomastoid muscle.
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Stress
Forces from the outside world impinging on the individual. Stress is a normal part of
life that can help us learn and grow. Conversely, stress can cause us significant problems.
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Substance P
A short-chain polypeptide that functions as a neurotransmitter especially in the
transmission of pain impulses from peripheral receptors to the central nervous system.
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Supraspinatus Muscle
The supraspinatus is a relatively small muscle of the upper limb that takes its name
from its origin from the supraspinous fossa superior to the spine of the scapula. It
is one of the four rotator cuff muscles and also abducts the arm at the shoulder. The
spine of the scapula separates the supraspinatus muscle from the infraspinatus muscle,
which originates below the spine.
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Supine Position
The supine position is a position of the body; lying down with the face up, as opposed
to the prone position, which is face down. In layman's terms, this is simply lying
on your back staring upwards.
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Symptom
Any subjective evidence of disease. Anxiety, lower back pain, and fatigue are all
symptoms. They are sensations only the patient can perceive. In contrast, a sign is
objective evidence of disease. A bloody nose is a sign. It is evident to the patient,
doctor, nurse and other observers.
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Syndrome
In medicine and psychology, the term syndrome refers to the association of several
clinically recognizable features, signs, symptoms, phenomena or characteristics which
often occur together, so that the presence of one feature alerts the physician to
the presence of the others. In recent decades the term has been used outside of
medicine to refer to a combination of phenomena seen in association.
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Systemic
Affecting the entire body. A systemic disease such as diabetes can affect the
whole body. Systemic chemotherapy employs drugs that travel through the bloodstream
and reach and affect cells all over the body.
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Tachycardia
Tachycardia refers to a rapid beating of the heart. By convention the term refers
to heart rates greater than 100 beats per minute in the adult patient. Tachycardia
may be a perfectly normal physiological response to stress. However, depending on
the mechanism of the tachycardia and the health status of the patient, tachycardia
may be harmful, and require medical treatment. In extreme cases, tachycardia can be
life threatening.
Tachycardia can be harmful in two ways. First, when the heart beats too rapidly, it
may perform inefficiently. Second, the faster the heart beats, the more oxygen and
nutrients the heart requires. This may leave patients feeling out of breath. This
can be especially problematic for patients suffering from ischemic heart disease.
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Tai Chi
Tai Chi is a gentle art of health and well-being for people of all
ages and health conditions. Many thousands of people are enjoying the health benefits
of Taoist Tai Chi practice in approximately 500 locations in 25 countries around the world.
Taoist Tai Chi was introduced to western society by Master Moy Lin-shin in 1970 and
is designed fundamentally to promote and restore health. This purpose distinguishes
Taoist Tai Chi from other forms of Tai Chi. The slow, graceful movements of Taoist
Tai Chi increase strength and flexibility and improve balance and circulation. The
Taoist style of Tai Chi emphasizes greater stretching and turning in each of the
movements in order to gain these and other benefits more effectively.
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Temporal Arteritis
Temporal arteritis, also called giant cell arteritis is an inflammatory disease of
blood vessels (most commonly large and medium arteries of the head). It is therefore a
form of vasculitis. The name comes from the most frequently involved vessel (temporal
artery which branches from the external carotid artery of the neck). The alternative
name (giant cell arteritis) reflects the type of inflammatory cell that is involved
(as seen on biopsy).
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Temporomandibular Joint Syndrome
Also known as T.M.J. this disorder affects the functioning of the temporomandibular
joint (TMJ), more commonly referred to as the jawbone. TMJ also attacks the muscles
and cartilage throughout the face, head, and neck. TMJ dysfunction can cause a variety
of problems, ranging from headaches to a locked jaw, so it is important to get any
symptoms of TMJ properly diagnosed.
More than 40% of the population will experience some type of jaw problem in their life.
But TMJ is more than just a little jaw problem – it is a serious joint disorder that
can cause extreme pain and discomfort. When coupled with FM symptoms, TMJ can
be debilitating. It is thought that more than 75% of people with FM also suffer from
some type of TMJ. About 25% of these people suffer chronically from TMJ. Like FM,
most sufferers of TMJ are female and between the ages of 20 and 50.
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Tendon
A tendon (or sinew) is a tough band of fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle
to bone or muscle to muscle and is designed to withstand tension. Tendons are similar
to ligaments except that ligaments join one bone to another. Tendons and muscles
work together and can only exert a pulling force.
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Testosterone
Testosterone is a steroid hormone from the androgen group. Testosterone is primarily
secreted in the testes of males and the ovaries of females although small amounts
are secreted by the adrenal glands.
It is the principal male sex hormone and an anabolic steroid. In both males and females,
it plays key roles in health and well-being. Examples include enhanced libido, energy,
immune function, and protection against osteoporosis.
On average, the adult male body produces about twenty to thirty times the amount
of testosterone that an adult female's body does.
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Thalamus
The thalamus is a pair and symmetric part of the brain.
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Therapeutic
Relating to therapeutics, that part of medicine concerned specifically with the
treatment of disease. The therapeutic dose of a drug is the amount needed to treat a disease.
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Therapy
Is the attempted remediation of a health problem, usually following a diagnosis.
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